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1 university fellow
образАспирант, получающий стипендию [ fellowship] для занятий исследовательской работойEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > university fellow
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2 university fellow
аспирант, получающий стипендию для занятий исследовательской работойСША. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > university fellow
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3 fellow
ˈfeləu
1. сущ.
1) приятель, товарищ, коллега, собрат fellow citizen ≈ согражданин fellow creature ≈ ближний fellow soldier ≈ товарищ по оружию Syn: associate
1., comrade
2) а) кто-л. равный по званию, положению и т. п.;
что-л. равное по характеру, значимости и т. п. His march must have been the fellow of the great march which carried Harold from London to Stamfordbridge. ≈ Его успех был сродни тому успеху, который привел Гарольда из Лондона в Стамфордбридж. Syn: peer I
1. б) редк. напарник, супруг или супруга и т. п. (один из членов пары) в) парная вещь, парный предмет While one leg was convulsed, its fellow remained quiet. ≈ В то время, как одну ногу охватили судороги, вторая оставалась спокойной. Syn: mate II
1.
3) (обыкн. Fellow) член какого-л. общества, особ. член зарегистрированного научного или литературного общества the fellows of the Zoological Society of London ≈ члены Зоологического общества Лондона
4) (обыкн. Fellow) член совета колледжа;
стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой university fellow ≈ амер. стипендиат-исследователь
5) разг. а) человек, парень honest fellow ≈ честный малый nice fellow, regular fellow ≈ славный малый young fellow ≈ молодой человек old fellow ≈ старина, дружище poor fellow ≈ бедняга Syn: chap I б) презр. тип в) амер. поклонник, ухажер, бойфренд Syn: boy-friend, beau
2. прил. принадлежащий к той же группе, имеющий нечто общее fellow workers ≈ сотрудники (одного учреждения) Even in jail, my fellow inmates treated me with kindness. ≈ Даже в тюрьме мои сокамерники относились ко мне хорошо. (разговорное) человек, парень, малый - a * кто-то, любой человек (в т.ч. говорящий) - a * can't work all day long не может же человек работать весь день - why can't you let a * alone! оставьте меня в покое! - good * славный малый - jolly * веселый малый, весельчак;
компанейский парень - little * малыш, ребенок - poor * бедняга - old * старик, старина, дружище - my dear * мой дорогой - my good * любезный, дорогой мой ( обыкн. с оттенком протеста или неодобрения) (презрительное) тип - that captain * who is always with her этот капитанишка, который крутится около нее - tell that * to go away (про) гони этого типа - there is a * downstairs who would like to speak to you какая-то личность внизу хочет поговорить с вами товарищ, собрат - *s at school товарищи по школе - a * in misery товарищ по несчастью - *s in arms соратники, товарищи по оружию - a * in crime( устаревшее) соучастник преступления аспирант;
стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой младший научный сотрудник колледжа или университета (в Великобритании) (обыкн. F.) член совета колледжа, университета (F.) действительный член научного общества - F. of the Royal Society член Королевского (научного) общества (в Великобритании) парная вещь, парный предмет, пара - I've found one shoe, but its * is missing я нашел один ботинок, а другой куда-то пропал кто-л. равный (по положению, званию, способностям и т. п.) - in his art he has no * в своем искусстве он не имеет себе равных;
ему нет равных по мастерству (американизм) (разговорное) "молодой человек" (о возлюбленном, женихе) ;
поклонник > stone dead hath no * (пословица) мертвый не расскажет /не выдаст/ принадлежащий к той же группе (людей) - * boarders питающиеся совместно( в пансионе и т. п.) - * captive товарищ по плену - * citizen согражданин - * delegate член той же (самой) делегации - * employee товарищ по работе - * student товарищ по занятиям - * pupil соученик - * workers сотрудники (одного учреждения) - * sufferers больные одной болезнью - * soldier товарищ по оружию, однополчанин, боевой товарищ;
соратник - * subject соотечественник, подданный того же государства - I met a * lion hunter я встретил еще одного охотника на львов - * servants (юридическое) лица, работающие по найму у одного работодателя (редкое) найти, подобрать пару обращаться дружески, фамильярно( к кому-л.) - don't "fellow" me не говорите со мной так фамильярно ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ товарищ, собрат;
a fellow in misery товарищ по несчастью;
fellows in arms товарищи по оружию ~ attr.: ~ citizen согражданин;
fellow creature ближний;
fellow soldier товарищ по оружию ~ товарищ, собрат;
a fellow in misery товарищ по несчастью;
fellows in arms товарищи по оружию ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище ~ парная вещь;
пара;
I shall never find his fellow я никогда не найду равного ему ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище ~ разг. человек;
парень;
a good fellow славный малый;
my dear fellow дорогой мой;
old fellow старина, дружище -
4 fellow
['feləu] 1. сущ.1) разг. человек, пареньnice / regular fellow — славный малый
old fellow — старина, дружище
Syn:2) презр. тип3) приятель, товарищ, коллега, собратSyn:4) равный по званию, положению; равное по характеру, значимостиHis march was the fellow of the great march which carried Harold from London to Stamfordbridge. — Его поход был сродни тому великому походу, который привёл Гарольда из Лондона в Стамфордбридж.
Syn:5) парная вещь, парный предметWhile one leg was convulsed, its fellow remained quiet. — В то время, как одну ногу охватили судороги, вторая оставалась неподвижной.
7) член совета колледжа; стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работойuniversity fellow — амер. стипендиат-исследователь
8) амер. поклонник, ухажёр, бойфрендSyn:2. прил.принадлежащий к той же группе, имеющий нечто общееEven in jail my fellow inmates treated me with kindness. — Даже в тюрьме мои сокамерники относились ко мне хорошо.
fellow citizen — согражданин, соотечественник
fellow worker — сотрудник, сослуживец
- fellow travellerfellow student — сокурсник, однокурсник
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5 fellow
1. сущ.1) общ. приятель, товарищ, коллега, собратfellows in arms — товарищи [собратья\] по оружию
Syn:See:2) общ. равный (кто-л. равный по званию, положению и т. п., или что-л. равное по характеру, значимости и т. п.)Syn:3) общ. парная вещь, парный предметWhile one leg was convulsed, its fellow remained quiet. — В то время, как одну ногу охватили судороги, вторая оставалась в покое.
Syn:4) общ. член (зарегистрированного научного или литературного общества; пишется с прописной)See:FCA 3), 4)5) обр. член совета колледжа; аспирант, стипендиат-исследователь (стипендиат, занимающийся исследовательской работой; пишется с прописной)6) общ. человек, пареньnice [regular\] fellow — славный малый
old fellow — старина, дружище
Syn:chap, guy7) общ., амер., разг. поклонник; молодой человек (о возлюбленном, женихе)Syn:boy-friend, beau2. прил.общ. (принадлежащий к той же группе, имеющий нечто общее с кем-л.)fellow workers — сотрудники (одного учреждения), сослуживцы
* * * -
6 fellow
fellow ['feləʊ]1 noun∎ a good fellow un type ou gars bien;∎ an old fellow un vieux bonhomme;∎ poor old fellow pauvre vieux;∎ the poor fellow's just lost his job le pauvre vient juste de perdre son travail;∎ the poor little fellow (animal) la pauvre bête;∎ hello, old fellow salut, mon vieux;∎ my dear fellow mon cher ami;∎ give a fellow a chance! donne-moi une chance!(b) literary (comrade) ami(e) m,f, camarade mf; (other human being) semblable mf; (person in same profession) confrère m, consœur f;∎ fellows in misfortune compagnons (compagnes) mpl, fpl d'infortune;∎ school fellow camarade mf d'école(c) University (professor) professeur m (faisant également partie du conseil d'administration); (postgraduate student) étudiant(e) m,f de troisième cycle (souvent chargé de cours)(d) (of learned society) membre m;∎ Fellow of the Craft (in freemasonry) compagnon m;∎ British Fellow of the Royal College of Music = membre du "Royal College of Music";∎ Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians = membre du "Royal College of Physicians";∎ Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons = membre du "Royal College of Surgeons";∎ Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons = membre du "Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons";∎ Fellow of the Royal Society = membre de la Société royale (de Londres)∎ where is the fellow to this sock/glove? où est la chaussette/le gant qui va avec celle-là/celui-là?∎ fellow prisoner/student camarade mf de prison/d'études;∎ fellow passenger/sufferer/soldier compagnon m de voyage/d'infortune/d'armes;∎ fellow being or creature semblable mf, pareil(eille) m,f;∎ one's fellow man son semblable;∎ fellow worker (in office) collègue mf (de travail); (in factory) camarade mf (de travail), compagnon m de travail;∎ fellow citizen concitoyen(enne) m,f;∎ fellow countryman/countrywoman compatriote mf;∎ it's rare to meet a fellow hang-glider c'est rare de rencontrer un autre adepte du deltaplane;∎ an opportunity to meet your fellow translators une occasion de rencontrer vos confrères traducteurs►► fellow feeling sympathie f;fellow traveller (companion on journey) compagnon (compagne) m,f de voyage ou de route; figurative compagnon m de route; Politics communisant(e) m,f -
7 fellow
fellow [ˈfeləʊ]1. nounb. ( = comrade) camarade mc. [of society] membre md. (in universities) (US) boursier m, - ière f ; (British) ≈ chargé(e) m(f) de cours (souvent membre du conseil d'administration)2. compounds► fellow countryman (plural fellow countrymen), fellow countrywoman (plural fellow countrywomen) noun compatriote mf* * *['feləʊ] 1.1) (colloq) ( man) type (colloq) m, homme mwhat do you fellows think? — qu'est-ce que vous en pensez, vous autres?
2) (of society, association) ( also in titles) membre m (of de)3) GB University ( lecturer) membre du corps enseignant d'un collège universitaire; ( governor) membre du comité de direction d'un collège universitaire4) US ( researcher) universitaire mf titulaire d'une bourse de recherche2.noun modifierher fellow lawyers/teachers — ses collègues avocats/professeurs
he and his fellow students/sufferers — lui et les autres étudiants/malades
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8 fellow
['fɛləu] 1. n( chap) gość m (inf), facet m (inf); ( comrade) towarzysz m; ( of learned society) ≈ członek m (rzeczywisty); ( of university) nauczyciel akademicki będący członkiem kolegium uniwersytetu2. cpd* * *['feləu] 1. noun1) (a man: He's quite a nice fellow but I don't like him.) człowiek, facet2) ((often as part of a word) a companion and equal: She is playing with her schoolfellows.) towarzysz, kolega3) (a member of certain academic societies; a member of the governing body or teaching staff of a college.) towarzysz, członek2. adjective(belonging to the same group, country etc: a fellow student; a fellow music-lover.) współ-- fellow-feeling -
9 fellow-commoner
[,feləu'kɔmənə]ист.привилегиро́ванный студе́нт (последнего курса Кембриджского университета [ Cambridge University], пользовавшийся правом обедать за "высоким столом" [ high table]; вносил дополнительную плату; ср. gentleman-commoner)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > fellow-commoner
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10 fellow
adj.1 asociado; parecido, correspondiente.2 asociado.s.1 compañero(a), camarada (comrade)2 profesor(ora) (at university); miembro (of academy, society)3 tipo (familiar) (man)tío (España), flaco (R.Plata)4 asociado, socio.5 becario. -
11 university research fellow
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > university research fellow
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12 research fellow
noun GB University chercheur/-euse m/f universitaire -
13 Reynolds, Osborne
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 23 April 1842 Belfast, Irelandd. 1912 Watchet, Somerset, England[br]English engineer and educator.[br]Osborne Reynolds's father, a clergyman and schoolteacher, had been a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge; it was to Queens' that the young Reynolds went to study mathematics, graduating as 7th Wrangler in 1867, and going on in his turn to become a Fellow of the College. Reynolds had developed an interest in practical applications of physics and engineering, and for a short time he entered the office of the London civil engineers Lawson and Mansergh. In 1868 he was appointed to the new Chair of Engineering at Owens College, Manchester, and he remained in this post for thirty-seven years, until he retired in 1905. During this period he presided over a department that grew steadily in size and reputation, and undertook prolonged research projects into phenomena such as lubrication, the laws governing the flow of water in pipes, turbulence and other physical features with practical applications. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877, being nominated Royal Medallist in 1888. In 1883 he became a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and in 1885 he was awarded the Telford Premium of the Institution. He served as Secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society from 1874 to 1883, and was appointed President in 1888–9 and Dalton Medallist in 1903. He was President of Section G of the British Association for the History of Science in 1887, and in 1884 he received the degree of LLD from Glasgow University. Among his many students at Owens College was J.J. (later Sir Joseph) Thomson (1856–1940), who entered the college in 1871. Reynolds's collected scientific papers were published in 1900–3.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1877. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Premium 1885. President, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 1888–9. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Dalton Medal 1903.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography Supplement.D.M.McDowell and J.D.Jackson (eds), 1970, Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today, Manchester: Manchester University Press.AB -
14 Strachey, Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 16 November 1916 Englandd. 18 May 1975 Oxford, England[br]English physicist and computer engineer who proposed time-sharing as a more efficient means of using a mainframe computer.[br]After education at Gresham's School, London, Strachey went to King's College, Cambridge, where he completed an MA. In 1937 he took up a post as a physicist at the Standard Telephone and Cable Company, then during the Second World War he was involved in radar research. In 1944 he became an assistant master at St Edmunds School, Canterbury, moving to Harrow School in 1948. Another change of career in 1951 saw him working as a Technical Officer with the National Research and Development Corporation, where he was involved in computer software and hardware design. From 1958 until 1962 he was an independent consultant in computer design, and during this time (1959) he realized that as mainframe computers were by then much faster than their human operators, their efficiency could be significantly increased by "time-sharing" the tasks of several operators in rapid succession. Strachey made many contributions to computer technology, being variously involved in the design of the Manchester University MkI, Elliot and Ferranti Pegasus computers. In 1962 he joined Cambridge University Mathematics Laboratory as a senior research fellow at Churchill College and helped to develop the programming language CPL. After a brief period as Visiting Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to the UK in 1966 as Reader in Computation and Fellow of Wolfeon College, Oxford, to establish a programming research group. He remained there until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsDistinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society 1972.Bibliography1961, with M.R.Wilkes, "Some proposals for improving the efficiency of Algol 60", Communications of the ACM 4:488.1966, "Systems analysis and programming", Scientific American 25:112. 1976, with R.E.Milne, A Theory of Programming Language Semantics.Further ReadingJ.Alton, 1980, Catalogue of the Papers of C. Strachey 1916–1975.M.Campbell-Kelly, 1985, "Christopher Strachey 1916–1975. A biographical note", Annals of the History of Computing 7:19.M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.KF -
15 Gilbert, Joseph Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 August 1817 Hull, Englandd. 23 December 1901 England[br]English chemist who co-established the reputation of Rothampsted Experimental Station as at the forefront of agricultural research.[br]Joseph Gilbert was the son of a congregational minister. His schooling was interrupted by the loss of an eye as the result of a shooting accident, but despite this setback he entered Glasgow University to study analytical chemistry, and then went to University College, London, where he was a fellow student of John Bennet Lawes. During his studies he visited Giessen, Germany, and worked in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig. In 1843, at the age of 26, he was hired as an assistant by Lawes, who was 29 at that time; an unbroken friendship and collaboration existed between the two until Lawes died in 1900. They began a series of experiments on grain production and grew plots under different applications of nitrogen, with control plots that received none at all. Much of the work at Rothampsted was on the nitrogen requirements of plants and how this element became available to them. The grain grown in these experiments was analyzed to determine whether nitrogen input affected grain quality. Gilbert was a methodical worker who by the time of his death had collected together some 50,000 carefully stored and recorded samples.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1893. FRS 1860. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841, President 1882–3. President, Chemical Section of the British Association 1880. Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford University, 1884. Honorary Professor of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 1883. Royal Society Royal Medal 1867 (jointly with Lawes). Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1894 (jointly with Lawes). Liebig Foundation of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Silver Medal 1893 (jointly with Lawes).AP -
16 Rankine, William John Macquorn
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 5 July 1820 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 1872[br][br]Rankine was educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow High School, although he appears to have learned much of his basic mathematics and physics through private study. He attended Edinburgh University and then assisted his father, who was acting as Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. This introduction to engineering practice was followed in 1838 by his appointment as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, and for the next four years he served under MacNeill on his Irish railway projects. While still in his early twenties, Rankine presented pioneering papers on metal fatigue and other subjects to the Institution of Civil Engineers, for which he won a prize, but he appears to have resigned from the Civils in 1857 after an argument because the Institution would not transfer his Associate Membership into full Membership. From 1844 to 1848 Rankine worked on various projects for the Caledonian Railway Company, but his interests were becoming increasingly theoretical and a series of distinguished papers for learned societies established his reputation as a leading scholar in the new science of thermodynamics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853. At the same time, he remained intimately involved with practical questions of applied science, in shipbuilding, marine engineering and electric telegraphy, becoming associated with the influential coterie of fellow Scots such as the Thomson brothers, Napier, Elder, and Lewis Gordon. Gordon was then the head of a large and successful engineering practice, but he was also Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, and when he retired from the Chair to pursue his business interests, Rankine, who had become his Assistant, was appointed in his place.From 1855 until his premature death in 1872, Rankine built up an impressive engineering department, providing a firm theoretical basis with a series of text books that he wrote himself and most of which remained in print for many decades. Despite his quarrel with the Institution of Civil Engineers, Rankine took a keen interest in the institutional development of the engineering profession, becoming the first President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, which he helped to establish in 1857. Rankine campaigned vigorously for the recognition of engineering studies as a full university degree at Glasgow, and he achieved this in 1872, the year of his death. Rankine was one of the handful of mid-nineteenth century engineers who virtually created engineering as an academic discipline.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853. First President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1857.Bibliography1858, Manual of Applied Mechanics.1859, Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers.1862, Manual of Civil Engineering.1869, Manual of Machinery and Millwork.Further ReadingJ.Small, 1957, "The institution's first president", Proceedings of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland: 687–97.H.B.Sutherland, 1972, Rankine. His Life and Times.ABBiographical history of technology > Rankine, William John Macquorn
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17 About the Authors
Douglas L. Wheeler (A.B., Dartmouth College, M.A. and Ph.D., Boston University) is professor of history emeritus, University of New Hampshire, Durham. He taught history in that institution's Department of History from 1965 to 2002, and, from 1995 to 2002, he held a chair, the Prince Henry the Navigator Professorship. He has been a research associate, African Studies Center, Boston University and an affiliate, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. He has also been a visiting professor at Boston University; University College, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe); and Morgan State College. He was also Richard Welch Fellow in Advanced Research on the History of Intelligence at the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University (1984-85). In the 1980s, he served as general secretary of the Society for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies (SSPHS) and was one of the founders of the International Conference Group on Portugal (1972-2002). He was founding editor of the Portuguese Studies Review, a semiannual academic journal. He is the author, coauthor, or coeditor of six other books on Portugal, Angola, and espionage history, including Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926), A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa, 1926-1933, and (with Lawrence S. Graham), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Among the periodicals in which he has published articles are Foreign Affairs, USA Today Magazine, International Herald Tribune, and The Christian Science Monitor. In 1993, he was decorated by the Government of Portugal with the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator medal and in 2004, with the Order of Merit.Walter C. Opello Jr. (B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., University of Colorado, Boulder) is professor of political science, State University of New York, Oswego. Before joining the faculty at that institution, he was professor of political science, University of Mississippi, Oxford, from 1976 to 1987. Since the 1970s, he has carried out research in Portugal as a Fulbright Scholar (1981 and 1984) and as a Gulbenkian Foundation Scholar (1978 and 1980). In 1989, he was the director for research on Portugal's regions, carried out by the European Integrations and Regions Project under the auspices of the European Universities Institute, Florence, Italy. Professor Opello has published more than 50 journal articles, book chapters, books, and book reviews pertaining to Portugal's politics and government. His Portugal-related books are Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Political Approach and Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. -
18 fellowship
1) (an association (of people with common interests): a youth fellowship (= a club for young people).) asociación2) (friendliness.) compañerismo3) (a scholarship given to a graduate student for advanced studies or for research.) becatr['feləʊʃɪp]2 (companionship) compañerismo, camaradería3 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (scholarship) becafellowship ['fɛlo.ʃɪp] n1) companionship: camaradería f, compañerismo m2) association: fraternidad f3) grant: beca f (de investigación)n.• beca s.f.• compañerismo s.m.• compañía s.f.• consorcio s.m.• coparticipación s.f.• hermandad s.f.'feləʊʃɪp1) c ( Educ)a) ( at university) título m de fellow I 2)b) ( endowment) beca f de investigación2) ua) ( companionship) (liter) hermandad f (liter), compañerismo mb) ( Relig) comunión fc) (fraternity, association) fraternidad f['felǝʊʃɪp]N1) (=companionship) compañerismo m2) (=club, society) asociación f3) (Brit) (Univ) (=paid research post) puesto m de becario (de investigación); (US) (Univ) (=grant) beca f de investigación* * *['feləʊʃɪp]1) c ( Educ)a) ( at university) título m de fellow I 2)b) ( endowment) beca f de investigación2) ua) ( companionship) (liter) hermandad f (liter), compañerismo mb) ( Relig) comunión fc) (fraternity, association) fraternidad f -
19 Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 5 April 1827 Upton, Essex, Englandd. 10 February 1912 Walmer, Kent, England[br]English surgeon, founder of the antiseptic and aseptic principles of surgical practice.[br]Of Quaker stock, his father also being a Fellow of the Royal Society, he studied medicine at University College, London. He qualified, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1852. Wishing to pursue a surgical career, he moved to Edinburgh to study surgery under William Syme, whose daughter he married in 1852, the same year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.Until his appointment as Regius Professor of Surgery at Glasgow University and Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1861, he was engaged in a wide variety of investigations into the nature of inflammation and the effects of irritants on wounds. Following his move to Glasgow, he became particularly involved in the major problems arising out of the vast increase in the number of surgical procedures brought about by the recent introduction of general anaesthesia. By 1865 his continuing study of wound inflammation and the microbial studies of Pasteur had led him to institute in the operating theatre a regime of surgical antisepsis involving the use of a carbolic acid spray coupled with the sterilization of instruments, the site of operation and the hands of the operator. Increasingly it was appreciated that the air was the least important origin of infection, and by 1887 the antiseptic approach had been superseded by the aseptic.In 1869 he succeeded Syme in the Chair at Edinburgh and his methods were widely accepted abroad. In 1877 he moved to the Chair of Surgery at King's College Hospital, London, in the hope of encouraging acceptance of his work in the metropolis. As well as developing a variety of new surgical procedures, he was engaged for many years in the development of surgical ligatures, which had always been a potent stimulant of infection. His choice of catgut as a sterilizable, absorbable material paved the way for major developments in this field. The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine was named in his honour in 1903.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1883. Baron 1897. Order of Merit 1902. President, Royal Society 1895– 1900.Bibliography1870, "On the effects of the antiseptic system of treatment upon the salubrity of a surgical hospital", Lancet.1859, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.1863, Croonian Lecture.1881, 1900, Transactions of the International Medical Congress.Further ReadingR.J.Godlee, 1924, Lord Lister.1927, Lister Centenary Handbook, London: Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. H.C.Cameron, 1948, Joseph Lister, the Friend of Man.MGBiographical history of technology > Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister
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20 Sowell, Thomas
(р. 1930) Сауэлл, ТомасКонсервативный экономист, педагог. Выпускник Гарвардского и Чикагского университетов [ Harvard University; Chicago, University of]. Преподавал в университетах Ратджерса, Хауарда, Брандейса и Корнеллском университете [ Rutgers University; Howard University; Brandeis University; Cornell University]. С 1974 профессор Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе [ California, University of; UCLA], с 1980 старший научный сотрудник [senior fellow] Гуверовского института [ Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace]. Был экономическим советником в администрации Р. Рейгана [ Reagan, Ronald Wilson]. Несмотря на то, что он сам чернокожий, активно выступает против программ позитивных мер [ affirmative action], систем квот для этнических меньшинств при приеме на учебу в колледжи и на работу. Автор нескольких книг, в том числе "Образование чернокожих американцев: мифы и трагедии" ["Black Education: Myths and Tragedies"] (1972), "Пересмотр классической экономики" ["Classical Economics Reconsidered"] (1974), "Этническая история Америки" ["Ethnic America: A History"] (1981), "Гражданские права: риторика или реальность?" ["Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality?"] (1985), "Американское образование изнутри: упадок, ложь и догмы" ["Inside American Education: The Decline, the Deception, the Dogmas"] (1992)English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Sowell, Thomas
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